Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Communication - Essay Example The organisational structure of BED is as follows: Theoretically, communication involves the encoding of information by a sender, transmission of the information and decoding of information by the receiver (Golio, 2002: Begeron, 2011). Information in the organisational setting must prompt the required action and in any cases where the required action is not carried out, there is said to be some â€Å"noise† in the communication loop (Schiova, 2010: Koontz, 2008). Noises could be anything that obstruct communication and this include issues with decoding the message, poor transmission systems and interruptions in the flow of the message (Allender et al, 2012). Communication is said to be complete if the information sent prompts a feedback as per the initial message sent (Narula, 2010). There are various issues with the communication channel and the communication system of BED and these are discussed below. First of all, there are natural communication issues between the administrative staff and the engineering staff. This is because the Engineering Managers and the Administrative Managers have limited horizontal communication channels and systems through which they can have discussions and communications. Thus, they hardly conduct lateral communication. To this end, the administrative staff members tend to communicate more within themselves whilst the engineering staff members communicate with each other in a much more frequent manner. Due to this, if a manager in the lower tier of the company needs to communicate, there is a challenge. Secondly, there are times where there is friction between the Engineering Managers and Administrative Managers. This causes a hold up of information flow and there are various problems and issues in the operations. This has blocked upward and downward information flow, and there is so much resentment. Thirdly, the Engineering unit is used to using

Role of the International Court of Justice Essay - 2

Role of the International Court of Justice - Essay Example contentious procedure1. This court is also responsible for giving advisory opinion regarding legal issue brought forth before the court by authorized UN and specialized agencies, i.e. the advisory procedure. This court has a number of 15 judges, and they are elected by the UN’s General Assembly. These judges normally serve for a term of 9 years, and the court is situated in Hague, the Netherlands2. This paper describes the function of this court, and it gives specific examples for purposes of demonstrating a particular role. This court is responsible for settling contentious cases, between states that agree to submit a case before it. Under this function, only member states of the United Nations can bring a case before the court, and after the ruling, the states under consideration must agree to follow and implement the ruling under consideration. It is important to understand that corporate organizations, Federal States, organs of the United Nations, and Non-Governmental Organizations cannot participate directly in the cases brought forth in the court3. However, the court allows these institutions to provide any information that would support and help the court to come up with a decisive and good conclusion regarding the case under consideration. It is important to understand that in as much as non state actors cannot participate in the proceedings of the court, a state can bring in a case in the court, for the main purpose of protecting the interests of its citizens or its own corporation. An example is the case that the United States brought before the court in 1980, in protest to the detention of American diplomats in Iran4. In this case, the judges of the ICJ ruled that Iran had violated the principles that guide diplomatic relations, and on this basis, the country should take responsibility for its actions. The court further went on to rule that

The Post Civil War South Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Post Civil War South - Essay Example African-Americans and poor whites living in the South were denied land and the economic stability that it could provide. After the Civil War, the unfulfilled promises of freedom and independence vaporized into a quasi-slavery system of sharecropping and paupers wages instead of the dream of land ownership and true independence. In the agricultural South, any advancement towards freedom, equality, and civil rights would need to be accompanied by the real opportunity to own land. Land was not simply the security of what it could produce. In the South, land was a symbol of unfulfilled dreams, an expression of cultural independence, and a meaningful representation of real social capital. The plantation system of production that proliferated in the South in the 18th and 19th centuries placed land as a currency. Landowners that were able to produce cotton could have lines of credit and assure themselves a steady income. Without land ownership they were nothing. Almost all social status was obtained and measured from the number of acres anyone owned. The adoption of the factor system by the cotton plantations in the South left little for the planters and less for the workers and slaves. Still, planters would be driven to expand and the "impulse to enlarge his undertakings had become deep rooted and was apparently irresistible. There was a sort of atmospheric psychology in the situation that seemed to make a man forever dissatisfied with stagnated sufficiency" (Stone, 1915, p.562-563). In the South, the question of status was not what you did, but rather how many acres you owned. The Ante-bellum South also produced a paradox of ambivalence towards the ownership of land. While it was clearly understood that land was a significant measure of a man's social and material worth, those that were denied its use also decried land ownership. Religious beliefs in the South were initially evolved from a concept of land as a shared resource. Goldsmith (1988, p.392) states, "land, previously treated as a shared resource and mainly immune from individual ownership, became a commodity, accessible to individual enterprise. Traditional agrarian society had been invaded by the forces of a national capitalist economy". As the evolution of land from a survival source to an economic factor progressed, the social structure deprived certain members from ownership. Faulkner in Go Down, Moses describes the paradox of people seeking land, yet understanding the negative consequences of ownership. He writes, ... the land, the fields, and what they represented in terms of cotton ginned and sold, the men and women whom they fed and clothed and even paid a little cash money at Christmas-time in return for the labor which planted and raised and picked and ginned the cotton, the machinery and mules and gear with which they raised it and their cost and upkeep and replacement --- that whole edifice intricate and complex and founded upon injustice and erected by ruthless rapacity and carried on even yet with at times downright savagery not only to the human beings but the valuable animals too (p.221). Without land and its ability to produce and provide, man was nothing. Yet with it man could also become the antithesis of spirituality that was defined by not only Christianity, but also by the African-American forms of worship. The promise of land after the Civil War was a symbolic ideal that

The Glass Menagerie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Glass Menagerie - Research Paper Example The play gives not the external reality but the internal real life, life as felt rather than seen’. Since it is a memory play it represents the mental stature than the realistic expression. It is quite apt to think about the inner state of the characters by psychoanalytical approach. It is very strange that Laura, though very passive, is yet the centre around which the play revolves. The mother worries about her. Her mother Amanda is very much attached to her. She understands her plight but at the same time wants her to correct herself and improve herself; her brother continues to be haunted by her memory even after deserting her. Thus Laura is the pivot of the play. Tennesse Williams created Laura in the image of his sister Rose. Williams’’ fondness for is sister is evident I portraying Laura as an idol of beauty, delicacy and purity. He builds her within a protective coating of glass and warns the world to stay away lest she should become contaminated by ills. Laura, because of her physical disability and disposition, retreats herself to the world of Glass menagerie collection. According to Griffin her ‘glass animals are her escape mechanism’. Laura is completely isolated from the external world which seems to her as hostile and crue l world for a frail girl like Laura. The description from the sixth scene obviously state this attitude. â€Å"The arrangement of Laura’s hair is changed; it is softer and more becoming. A fragile unearthly prettiness has come out in Laura; she is like a piece of translucent glass touched by light, given a momentary radiance, not actual, not lasting† (Glass 62). Laura is described as an object exposed to male gaze; her face ‘unearthly fragile’. Thus Laura is identified as one of the unanimated glass animals only to be watched and touched by other forces. Her intimacy with the glass objects is the psychological process of mind. Carl

Organisational Effectiveness at Google and P&G Essay

Organisational Effectiveness at Google and P&G - Essay Example Employee swapping produces risks of reduced morale and poor alignment of cultures. Nonetheless, this case showed that Google and P&G can learn from one another’s cultural values and practices, so that they can both enhance their organisational effectiveness. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Competing Values Model 4 Overview 4 Applications 4 Employee Swapping 5 P&G and Google’s Employee Swapping 5 Conclusion 7 Reference List 8 Introduction The construct of organisational effectiveness is an important concept in organisational studies because organisations commonly aspire to improve or attain organisational effectiveness. Organisational effectiveness, however, is hard to measure because it does not possess a universally-agreed definition. As a result, several scholars criticised its significance to organisations, such as Steers (1975) and Hannan and Freeman (1977). Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) offer a model of effectiveness criteria i n â€Å"A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis.† They conducted a two-part exploratory investigation on how individual theorists and researchers conceive the construct of organisational effectiveness. The first study included seven experts, while the second used 45 theorists and scholars. Findings showed that organisational effectiveness can be constructed using three axes of values: control-flexibility, internal-external, and means-ends. These values pertained to the critical issues of â€Å"competing values† in defining and measuring effectiveness, which has been embodied in the competing values framework (CVF) (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983, p.370). This paper applies the Competing Values Approach to Google and Procter & Gamble (P&G), as well as employee swapping. Competing Values Model Overview The Competing Values Approach is composed of three competing values, and they are control-flexibility, internal -external, and means-ends. These values offer four mid-range theories of organisational analysis: open systems model, human relations model, internal process model, and rational goal model (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983, p.369). The human relations model highlights on flexibility and internal focus. The open systems model concentrates on flexibility and external focus. The rational goal model prioritises control and external focus, while the internal process model emphasises stability and control (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983, p.371). Applications Procter & Gamble. P&G is described as having an internal process model with hierarchical and market attributes. It uses information management and communication to attain the ends of stability and control (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983, p.371). In terms of culture, it possesses a mixture of market and hierarchical cultures. It has a market culture because employees behave according to clear objectives and are rewarded through their achievements (Hartnel l, Ou and Kinicki 2011, p.679). The company’s main values are communication, competition, and achievement. P&G is effective in gathering customer and competitor information and developing the competitiveness of its products (Robbins, Judge and Campbell 2010, p.480). P&G is also hierarchical because of rules and regulations that clearly define roles and responsibilities. Behaviours are characterised with conformity and predictability, which it wants to change by swapping employees with Google (Robbins,

Critically assess the postwar consensus thesis Essay

Critically assess the postwar consensus thesis - Essay Example There was however, some conflicts noted between the parties concerning the postwar consensus. The parties had consent to similar principles as well as aims but had differences in styles and emphasis (Bogdanor, 2011, para 1-9). This paper therefore has the focus of analyzing the concept of post war consensus with attention on the policies inside this concept as well as understanding the collapse of the concept as reviewed through scholarly works. Much of the evolution in the concept is attributed to in differences postulated by partisan political parties as well as the administration over the period. The concept of welfare state comprehensive in Great Britain dates back to mid Second World War as was developed in the reposts of William Biveridge in 1942. This is therefore the postulated foundation upon which the concept of postwar consensus is claimed to be built. Therefore, the policy formulations that resulted from the government of the labor party formed a basis on which the consen sus was formed on. The government undertook and implemented various policies which were distinct to the leadership history of the country. The conservative party had great influence in the industrial charter, which followed the successful formation of the previous government by the labor party. Moreover, the acknowledgement of the various policy frameworks by the party as they were designed and implemented by the party in power made the conservative party to reserve many of the policies during the 1947 industrial charter (Anon, nd, p. 217-222). Great Britain categorizes the historical perspective into two phases which span through the consensus period as well as the period after the consensus was broken and the period runs to today. The consensus period spun the years 1945 to 1979 after which the post consensus period set in and has been up to the current period (Matthijs, 2008, p. ii). After the end of the Second World War, the consensus that settled in and had a guiding commitment to full employment, industries were nationalized, government undertook to control the economic demand through application of the Keynesian techniques. Moreover, the government adopted the social welfare in a system of self-sponsored technique. The period after the election in 1945 saw the labor party form the government and adapted reformation policies and not revolutionary policies (McCulloch, 1985, p. 465). Economist and other analysts interpreted the system of government adopted by the labor party government as reformists as against revolutionalists. Non-revolutionary alliances of trade unions as well democratic socialists were the foundations, which formed the Labour party. The governance structure that succeeded the election of the Labour party to office mainly comprised of the political class of persons who had gotten into politics in the early 20th century. This period, which span across the years 1945 to 1951, was a characteristic period in the history of the country as it is credited to be the period in which many of the legislations in Britain were formulated. The government also placed policies which oversaw many industries nationalized until the 1980s. The welfare state as was a characteris

Lesson 12 DIscussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lesson 12 DIscussion - Assignment Example David Bowie who established himself purely as rock and rock artist started infusing disco flavor in his music like his 1975 song â€Å"Fame†. This has disappointed millions of his fans as it was sign of some artists attempting to adapt to an emerging style of music. It is natural that music lovers who were rock fans in the 1970s were prone to dislike disco but that did not automatically mean that these people disliked disco in the 1970s just because it is another genre. If disco would have remained as just another kind of music the rock fans would have ignored it. However, disco was begun to be included in rock stations which previously played only rock music. Even rock players like David Bowie and Rolling Stones responded to the disco movement which angered their fans. The eleventh Grammy awards in 2010 presented awards in 18 categories including diverse genres like pop, urban rock, jazz, and also regional like salsa and Brazilian. The Billboard listed Regional Mexican and tr opical albums. These emphasize variations in Latin music with differential approaches in instrumentation, rhythm, melody and harmony. There is also cross-pollination of international musical styles. For instance, Cuban percussion instruments can often be heard in regional Mexican music. Latin music is rapidly gaining strong foothold in America. In Billboard, Latin charts made their place for the first time in 1985, and then they became common in the list during 1990s and