The next types are breakwaters

There are a variety of techniques and efforts used to stabilize shorelines throughout the world and some are temporary and some are permanent. Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach are known as hard stabilization (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008).There are three common types of hard stabilization which are considered to be permanent techniques. The first types of hard stabilization are called groins. A groin is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.The next types are breakwaters, which are structures designed to protect watercraft from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore. The third type is a seawall. Seawalls are just that; walls built parallel to the shore to protect the coast and property from the force of breaking waves.Hard stabilization is usually very effective and a lot of the time too effective. Groins tend to sand-starve the longshore, breakwaters may allow sand to accumulate behind the structure due to reduced wave activity and seawalls causes the beach seaward side to experience significant erosion.Alternatives to hard stabilization are beach nourishment and relocation. Beach nourishment is replacing sand on beaches, however the downside to this is that is does not last and is expensive. Relocation is relocating storm damaged buildings and buildings at high risk, thus allowing nature to reclaim the beach. The downside to this is that people do not want to give up their ocean front property. (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008)I do not believe that urbanization and development of coastal area always contribute to shoreline erosion because people want to protect their property from erosion therefore doing what they can to prevent erosion. However, I also believe that sometimes people end up doing more harm than good with their methods used to prevent shoreline erosion from happening.References:Lutgens, F. an d Tarbuck, E. (2008). Foundations of Earth Science: Fifth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. Â  

Brass heat treatment

Copper in pure form has found its significant use only in electrical applications. But with the continued study of copper, the addition of other metals called alloys was developed which enhanced its various properties. Now, different Copper-based alloys were widely used in different aspects of engineering and manufacturing. One of the best known and is widely used is the Copper-Zinc Alloy or Brass. (De Garmo, Black, Kohser, 1997) Brasses according to Yu Lakhtin (1979) are â€Å"binary and multiple-component alloys based on copper with which the main component is zinc.† Below is the phase diagram of Copper-Zinc Alloy at different Cu-Zi percentage and temperature. The commercial value of Brass is in its ? and ? +? ’ phases. At these two different phases, different characteristics were distinct. Their distinction according to Lukhtin (1979) depended on Zinc content from 48% to 50%. The single-phase or ? -brasses were characterized by Lukhtin (1979) as â€Å"can be readily worked in both the hot and cold conditions† while the two-phase ? +? ’ brasses are â€Å"hot-worked at temperatures corresponding to the regions of the ? ’ or ?+? ’ phases. † He also described ? +? ’ brasses as â€Å"having higher strength and wear resistance but less ductility. According to him, â€Å"? +? ’ brasses were often alloyed with Al, Fe, Ni, Sn, Mn, Pb and other elements. † And â€Å"the addition of these alloying elements, except Ni, reduces Zi solubility in Cu and promotes the formation of ? -phase. † Further he wrote, â€Å"the addition of alloying elements, except Lead, raised the strength and hardness of brass but reduced its ductility. Lead improved the machinability and antrification properties of brasses.† According to De Garmo, et. al, â€Å"Copper-based alloys are commonly identified through a system of numbers standardized by the Copper Development Association (CDA) which was adopted later by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and the US government. † Brasses were classified into wrought and casting brasses. According to Lakhtin (1979), â€Å"wrought brasses are used to make sheets, band stock, tubing, wire and other semi-fabricated products; and casting brasses for making foundry castings.† Owen Ellis (1948) further classified Brasses casting alloys into Red Brass, Leaded Red Brass, Semi-Red Brass, Leaded Semi-Red Brass, Yellow Brass, Leaded Yellow Brass, High-Strength Yellow Brass (Manganese Bronze), Leaded High-Strength Yellow Brass (Leaded Manganese Bronze), Silicon Brass, Tin Brass, Tin-Nickel Brass, Nickel Brass (Nickel Silver) and Leaded Nickel Brass (Leaded Nickel Silver). In his classification, Red Brasses consisted 2%-8% zinc, less 0.5% lead, and with tin less than the zinc; the same amount consisted the Leaded Red Brass except that lead is over 0. 5%; Semi-Red Brass consisted 8%-17% zin c, less than 6% tin, and less than 0. 5% lead; the same amount consisted the Leaded Semi-Red Brass except that lead is over 0. 5%; Yellow Brass consisted over 17% zinc, less than 6% tin, under 2% total of aluminum, manganese, nickel, iron, or silicon, and with less than 0. 5% lead; the same constitutes for Leaded Yellow Brass except for lead which is over 0.5%; High-Strength Yellow Brass consisted of over 17% zinc, over 2% total of aluminum, manganese, tin, nickel and iron, under 0. 5% silicon, under 0. 5% lead and less than 6% tin; Leaded High-Strength Yellow Brass has the same constituents except that lead is over 0. 5%; Silicon Brass has over 0. 5% silicon and over 5% zinc; Tin-Nickel Brass has over 6% tin, over 4% nickel and with zinc more than tin; Nickel Brass has over 10% zinc, with nickel in amount sufficient enough to give white color, and with lead under 0.5%; and Leaded Nickel Brass has the same but with lead over 0. 5%. From these differed composition of Copper-Zinc Allo ys different properties were possessed which gave them different uses. Ellis (1948) also wrote that tThe different required properties of Brass such as conductivity and hardness can be secured through heat treatment,† Below is a table of the different compositions, properties and uses of common Copper-Zinc Alloys. Works Cited De Garmo, P. , Black, J., Kohser, R. (1997). Materials and processes in manufacturing. (8th Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, Inc. Ellis, O. (1948). Copper and copper alloys. Cleveland, Ohio: American Society for Metals. Lakhtin, Y. (1979). Engineering physical metallurgy and heat treatment. (Weinstein, N. , Trans. ). Moscow: MIR Publishers. Mayers, J. Visual library. Retrieved Jan. 29, 2007 from http://www. sv. vt. edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/96ClassProj/pics/Cu_Zn1. gif.

New Aircraft Avionics installation and functionality Essay

New Aircraft Avionics installation and functionality - Essay Example It also describes and shows the block diagram, power source wiring, and the electrical cable routing for the three systems. The paper also details the operation and functionality of the remaining two systems in reference to their block diagram, power source wiring, and the electrical cable routing. The report describes the system in depth including the exact functions of the systems, detailing their peripherals and their form of redundancy. The chosen hypothetical avionics systems include communication and navigation system, cabin and cockpit information system, flight instruments (flight recorders), hazard detection system, and surveillance system. Discussion. Communication and Navigation Systems. Receivers and transmitters are widely used in aviation communication and navigation systems. The transmitters and receivers are used together with one ore antennae, which are responsible in implementation of the vital and crucial link between the ground stations, aircrafts, satellites, and other aircrafts. One of the devices used in facilitating navigation and communication is a simple radio communication system. The radio comprises of the receiver and the transmitted that uses the continuous wave signal. Communication is attained through keying or switching the radio frequencies on and off. Switching the radio signal is achieved through interruption of power supple or the oscillator stage, it is usually applicable within the stage of the driver operating at a modest power level. The oscillator stage of keying normally leads to impaired frequency stability. However, the appreciable currents and voltages appearing in the power amplifier stage also prove to be problematic. A simpler CW consists of the radio amplifier, audio amplifier and the detector. The detector stage mixes a domestic generated signal of the radio frequency that is produces by beat frequency oscillator with the coming signals that produces a signal within the radio frequency ranging between 300 Hz an d 3.4 KHz. Antennas are normally used for navigation purposes in aircrafts. There are various practical kinds of antenna used in aviation related applications that include vertical quarter wave antenna, vertical half wave antennas, and also 5/8th wave vertical antennas. Vertical quarter wave antennas produce an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the radiate vertically polarised systems and the horizontal plane. The antennas can be produced for the high HF and VHF bands but the length is prohibitive for usage on the LF bands and low HF (Lombardo, 1993). To produce a flat radiation design it is important to include an effective ground plane. At VHF, it can be attained by employing the 4 quarter wave radial elements. The vertical half wave antennas is voltage fed rather than the current fed. Antennas that are voltage fed requires resonant transformer that is connected between antenna’s end and low impedance coaxial feeder. The arrangement is liable to loses because it needs hi gh quality, and low loss components. It also requires careful adjustment in order to achieve results and therefore they are usually preferred. The5/8th wave vertical antennas offer a compact solution to the essentiality of an Omni-directional VHF. Radio systems: Antennae. Cabin and Cockpit Information Systems In the aviation sector, accessing the correct information in the proper place, at the right period, is important in supporting decisions and enhancing operations. The information system,

Social net working in the uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social net working in the uk - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss social net working in the UK. Individual in United Kingdom use BBC Suffolk website to interact with other people where they use it alongside a traditional output known as BBC Radio. In most cases, communication among the youth is done through social networking which has made the means of communication cheaper compared with other means. Since the use of social networking websites is a valuable mode of communication globally, groups, feeds and other contents are being used by BBC Suffolk and its programmes. For one to view BBC Suffolk groups one must be a member of facebook and BBC Suffolk so that he or she can interact with others in different social networking. Facebook has more than 150 million users around the world. The use of social networking like facebook gives an individual a chance to communicate with friends from each corner of the world1. Additionally, peer counseling and sharing of related problems are posted in the site where peers can help one another to solve the problems facing them. Individuals who are members of facebook can as well join groups dedicated to musicians where one can view the recent released albums or campaigns which are being held or to be started. This is a social networking site that is mainly used by the UK young people since it is associated with music and especially the one that is current in the market. The musicians use the site to post their current album released and this help them to market them and advertise their music globally. BBC Suffolk is a site that is used by those who want to support the musicians around the United Kingdom where any kind of support is given. Update of what one is doing is posted in the Twitter where the numbers of characters are limited to 140 which are then linked to other sites which make it interesting. Videos can also be linked in the Twitter handle which can be posted and later friends will view them making it possible to communicate

Alex Schweder and His Practice-Flatland ( Precedent Report ) Research Paper

Alex Schweder and His Practice-Flatland ( Precedent Report ) - Research Paper Example Unlike the ordinary buildings built with blocks, implementing closure and invisible life within the walls, Flatland vividly expresses how individuals create and shape their houses and the impact the structures have on them later. According to Gratza, Schweder describes flatland project among others as that intended to ‘take things that are more subtle, and make them large enough for people to see’ – namely how architecture draws implicit boundaries and constructs relationships between people† (2013, p.141). Flatland structure is fascinating in the sense of the space and material used to sustain life in the contrived living space constructed. What makes Flatland interesting is the performance essence brought out through the architecture. First, the materials used to make the four story building are merely wood and metal beams, and visible glass walls in an unusually textured space. The idea of flatland project was living under the constant gaze of the audience through the transparent walls performing all their daily routines in the confinement of less than 20 m2 total space, where six housemates at one point shared for an intended 20 days period (Felthousen, 2008). The thin sliced sculpture approximately 60 centimeters wide in the story expresses creativity in housing and how people’s behaviors are influenced by the set up to harmoniously live together. The image below depicts the installation view of Flatland where the housemates ran their lives in the confined spacing. Like in the society, housemates in the Flatland structure needed to share the limited resources (space, kitchen, toilet, bathroom and stairs). Hence, there is need for a particular order and rules to guide the people in their daily routines. Without such, people get into conflicts and collide with each other in their roles. In Flatland, there were three rules: once one left the structure, he or she was not

Final Assignment Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Questions - Assignment Example IP is quite an important asset to the people of America for it is of very high economic value as well as an important element of the health and safety of the general American public (NIPRCC, 2011). The counterfeit merchandise therefore does not only pose a threat to the safety and health of the American public but also largely pause a threat to the general economy of the American nation since such products deprive the nation of hundreds of billions and trillions of dollars in terms of lost profits, tax revenue losses, job loss as well as additional product enforcement costs in the different supply chains (NIPRCC, 2011). Counterfeit products such as the pharmaceuticals, automobile parts pauses a great threat to the health and safety of the entire American public. This is because the counterfeit products fail to match the desired quality standards. Increase in counterfeit products has resulted from increased theft of IP which has further threatened the general security of the American nation. Increased theft of the US trade secrets and more so regarding the US war fighter poses a huge threat to the American national security (NIPRCC, 2011). In the year 1999, the president of America William J. Clinton issued an executive order 13133 that was purposely meant to address the issue of unlawful conduct and especially through the use of the internet. The reasoning behind the issue of this order was that if the use of the internet can be properly controlled, crimes such as sale of illegal firearms and explosives via the internet, sale of drugs, child pornography as well as fraud could adequately be controlled by the American government. The unlawful conduct in the internet was to be addressed through a working group selected by the president to resolve the particular issue. As stipulated by the executive order 13133, the working group goals included analyzing the already existing federal laws and assessing the extent to which these laws

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World War Essay

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World War - Essay Example However, as technology became more advanced, it also hindered the abilities of this submarine, as countries developed more sophisticated tools of war. The U-Boats were unique and diverse, and belonged to different categories. These played the major role for Germany in the First World War. Their capabilities lasted up to the beginning of the Second World War. This was after Germany’s enemies developed their own different ways of combating the U-Boats (Sondhaus 2011). This paper focuses on the roles the U-Boat campaign played in the First World War, its effectiveness, and ultimate failure. During the First World War, the submarine was seen as the main weapon in the war. The Germany U-Boat was the greatest challenge to the British maritime security during this war. In September 1914, a U-Boat sank three old British cruisers. In the month of October, the same year, a U-Boat again sank a state-of-the-art battleship. Subsequently, more British and French warships were sunk by the U- Boats in the following years. In May 1915, the HMS Triumph was equally sunk, among others. In December of the same year, U-Boat 38 facilitated the sinking of the P&O passenger liner SS Persia. While Britain and France used warships, Germany’s U-Boat campaign was a more effective strategy in the war (Williamson 2013). During the First World War, Germany and Britain used naval blockades to ensure that no ship from one country got access to the other country. Initially, the British succeeded at this, as their surface fleet could intercept Germany-bound ships. This case compelled Germany to utilise the U-Boats. In 1915, Germany adopted an unrestricted submarine warfare strategy. Since Britain relied on foodstuffs and weapons from Canada and America, which were transported across the Atlantic Ocean, Germany thought that this strategy could make British surrender from the war. Therefore, Germany was involved in the indiscriminate sinking of all ships, even those belonging to neutra l states. By use of the U-Boat, Germany succeeded in sinking numerous ships, risking the fact that it could add more enemies, apart from Britain and France (Herwig 1998). In May 1015, the U-Boat U-20, led to the sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania, leading to many deaths. Of the passengers on board, were 128 Americans, and 1,170 more passengers. This outraged America, which was neutral in the war during this period. THE U-Boats conducted further sinking of ships, and this resulted in a poor relationship between Germany and America. However, Germany decided to end the unrestrictive strategy in September 1915. This had already cause havoc to the affected countries, as the U-Boat campaign was effective in this. The U-Boat campaign of Germany managed to sink 750,000 tons of enemy’s shipping. However, this did not devastate the economy of Britain (Sheffield 2011). When Germany returned their unrestricted war strategy in September 1916, more havoc was done by the U-Boats. Duri ng this period, Germany invested in more manufacturing of U-Boats at a high speed. This led the U-Boat campaign to accomplish another sinking of 250,000 tons within the duration of a few weeks only. This led to the development of more tension between Germany and its rivals. Germany did not care if America, which was neutral, would be compelled to join the war (Sheffield 2011). In 1916, France and Britain defeated the Germany army. This led to Germany to conduct a few changes in